Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry Group
✦ Cameca IMS 6F ion microprobe of the Geochemistry/Cosmochemistry Group, EPL, now decomissioned (photo: Steve Shirey)
EPL's Geochemistry/Cosmochemistry Group
The Geochemistry/Cosmochemistry Group of Carnegie's Earth and Planets Laboratory (EPL) has a long history of making novel geochemical and cosmochemical discoveries. Our five types of sensitive, solid source mass spectrometers permit isotope ratio measurements at today’s limit of precision and accuracy. They are an ensemble of tools whose powers we train on solid Earth samples and tiny remnants of the Solar System delivered by meteorites and asteroid missions. Collectively, our instruments are a type of planetary observatory that operates much like an astronomical observatory does. Both are “time machines”, to be aimed at and focused on a wide array of targets. Ours allows us to look back in geologic time to earlier Eras in Earth history –and even back to Earth’s creation. The science is limited only by our imagination as to the targets we choose and the questions we pose.
The Geochemistry/Cosmochemistry Group currently comprises five scientific staff members, Conel Alexander, Andrea Giuliani, Jennifer Kasbohm, Anat Shahar, and Steven Shirey; chemistry lab manager, Michelle Jordan; mass spectrometer lab manager, Tim Mock; and senior research scientist and SIMS lab manager, Jianhua Wang. Current postdoctoral fellows are Emmanuel Codillo (WHOI) and Oded Elazar (Hebrew University).
Retirements have given us two emeritus scientific staff members, Rick Carlson and Fouad Tera. Long-time group member, Larry Nittler departed in 2022 to become a professor at ASU's School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE). In 2018, tragically, our group lost long-time group member Erik Hauri.
Recently departed postdoctoral fellows include Jens Barosch (now at the University of Edinburgh) James Dottin (now at Brown University), Peng Ni (now at UCLA), Julien Rojas (now at University of Paris–Saclay), and Zachary Torrano (now at Los Alamos National Lab).
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Please see our list of available instrumentation (below, bottom of page). The story of how the Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry Group started in 1951 is the bottom of the EPL history page here.
A more than 40–Year Record of Groundbreaking Research
From 1982–2022, Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry Group scientific staff authored some 70 papers in Science and Nature —the world's most highly cited journals known for publishing groundbreaking research —averaging just under 2 articles a year for 40 years straight! (These figures exclude the 20 "News & Views" and "Comments" articles that are not peer-reviewed and critique the science of others.)
Authorship is spread out within the group [Alexander (12), Carlson (21), Hauri (14), Nittler (19), Shirey (17), Shahar (2), Tera (3)]. This accomplishment highlights the intellectual vitality of our group and the Carnegie Institution for Science model for carrying out scientific research. Here is a list of most of these 70 papers with links to their PDF's.
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Geochemistry/Cosmochemistry Group Papers in Science and Nature
(Thanks to EPL Librarian Shaun Hardy for compiling this list.)
Alexander, C. M. O’D., A. P. Boss, and R. W. Carlson, Cosmochemistry - The early evolution of the inner solar system: a meteoritic perspective, Science 293 (no. 5527), 64-68, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.105287
Alexander, C. M. O'D., R. Bowden, M. L. Fogel, K. T. Howard, C. D. K. Herd, L. R. Nittler, The Provenances of Asteroids, and Their Contributions to the Volatile Inventories of the Terrestrial Planets. Science 337, 721- 723 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1223474
Alexander, C. M. O’D., J. N. Grossman, D. S. Ebel, and F. J. Ciesla, The formation conditions of chondrules and chondrites, Science 320 (no. 5883), 1617-1619, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1156561
Blewett, D. T., N. L. Chabot, B. W. Denevi, C. M. Ernst, J. W. Head, N. R. Izenberg, S. L. Murchie, S. C. Solomon, L. R. Nittler, T. J. McCoy, Z. Y. Xiao, D. M. H. Baker, C. I. Fassett, S. E. Braden, J. Oberst, F. Scholten, F. Preusker, and D. M. Hurwitz, Hollows on Mercury: MESSENGER evidence for geologically recent volatile-related activity, Science 333 (no. 6051), 1856-1859, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211681
Borg, L. E., J. N. Connelly, M. Boyet, and R. W. Carlson, Chronological evidence that the Moon is either young or did not have a global magma ocean, Nature 477 (no. 7362), 70-U150, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10328
Boyet, M., and R. W. Carlson, Nd-142 evidence for early (> 4.53 Ga) global differentiation of the silicate Earth, Science 309 (no. 5734), 576-581, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1113634
Brandon, A. D., R. A. Creaser, S. B. Shirey, and R. W. Carlson, Osmium recycling in subduction zones, Science 272 (no. 5263), 861-864, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5263.861
Brown, L., J. Klein, R. Middleton, I. S. Sacks, and F. Tera, 10Be in island-arc volcanoes and implications for subduction, Nature 299, 718-720, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1038/299718a0
Brownlee, D., P. Tsou, J. Aleon, C. M. O. Alexander, T. Araki, S. Bajt, G. A. Baratta, R. Bastien, P. Bland, P. Bleuet, J. Borg, J. P. Bradley, A. Brearley, F. Brenker, S. Brennan, J. C. Bridges, N. D. Browning, J. R. Brucato, E. Bullock, M. J. Burchell, H. Busemann, A. Butterworth, M. Chaussidon, A. Cheuvront, M. F. Chi, M. J. Cintala, B. C. Clark, S. J. Clemett, G. Cody, L. Colangeli, G. Cooper, P. Cordier, C. Daghlian, Z. R. Dai, L. D'Hendecourt, Z. Djouadi, G. Dominguez, T. Duxbury, J. P. Dworkin, D. S. Ebel, T. E. Economou, S. Fakra, S. A. J. Fairey, S. Fallon, G. Ferrini, T. Ferroir, H. Fleckenstein, C. Floss, G. Flynn, I. A. Franchi, M. Fries, Z. Gainsforth, J. P. Gallien, M. Genge, M. K. Gilles, P. Gillet, J. Gilmour, D. P. Glavin, M. Gounelle, M. M. Grady, G. A. Graham, P. G. Grant, S. F. Green, F. Grossemy, L. Grossman, J. N. Grossman, Y. Guan, K. Hagiya, R. Harvey, P. Heck, G. F. Herzog, P. Hoppe, F. Horz, J. Huth, I. D. Hutcheon, K. Ignatyev, H. Ishii, M. Ito, D. Jacob, C. Jacobsen, S. Jacobsen, S. Jones, D. Joswiak, A. Jurewicz, A. T. Kearsley, L. P. Keller, H. Khodja, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, J. Kissel, A. Krot, F. Langenhorst, A. Lanzirotti, L. Le, L. A. Leshin, J. Leitner, L. Lemelle, H. Leroux, M. C. Liu, K. Luening, I. Lyon, G. MacPherson, M. A. Marcus, K. Marhas, B. Marty, G. Matrajt, K. McKeegan, A. Meibom, V. Mennella, K. Messenger, S. Messenger, T. Mikouchi, S. Mostefaoui, T. Nakamura, T. Nakano, M. Newville, L. R. Nittler, I. Ohnishi, K. Ohsumi, K. Okudaira, D. A. Papanastassiou, R. Palma, M. E. Palumbo, R. O. Pepin, D. Perkins, M. Perronnet, P. Pianetta, W. Rao, F. J. M. Rietmeijer, F. Robert, D. Rost, A. Rotundi, R. Ryan, S. A. Sandford, C. S. Schwandt, T. H. See, D. Schlutter, J. Sheffield-Parker, A. Simionovici, S. Simon, I. Sitnitsky, C. J. Snead, M. K. Spencer, F. J. Stadermann, A. Steele, T. Stephan, R. Stroud, J. Susini, S. R. Sutton, Y. Suzuki, M. Taheri, S. Taylor, N. Teslich, K. Tomeoka, N. Tomioka, A. Toppani, J. M. Trigo-Rodriguez, D. Troadec, A. Tsuchiyama, A. J. Tuzzolino, T. Tyliszczak, K. Uesugi, M. Velbel, J. Vellenga, E. Vicenzi, L. Vincze, J. Warren, I. Weber, M. Weisberg, A. J. Westphal, S. Wirick, D. Wooden, B. Wopenka, P. Wozniakiewicz, I. Wright, H. Yabuta, H. Yano, E. D. Young, R. N. Zare, T. Zega, K. Ziegler, L. Zimmerman, E. Zinner, and M. Zolensky, Comet 81P/Wild 2 under a microscope, Science 314 (no. 5806), 1711-1716, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1135840
Busemann, H., A. F. Young, C. M. O. Alexander, P. Hoppe, S. Mukhopadhyay, and L. R. Nittler, Interstellar chemistry recorded in organic matter from primitive meteorites, Science 312 (no. 5774), 727-730, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1123878
Cabral, R. A., M. G. Jackson, E. F. Rose-Koga, K. T. Koga, M. J. Whitehouse, M. A. Antonelli, J. Farquhar, J. M. D. Day, and E. H. Hauri, Anomalous sulphur isotopes in plume lavas reveal deep mantle storage of Archaean crust, Nature 496, 490-493, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12020
Carlson, R. W., M. Boyet, and M. Horan, Chondrite barium, neodymium, and samarium isotopic heterogeneity and early earth differentiation, Science 316 (no. 5828), 1175-1178, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1140189
Carlson, R. W., D. R. Hunter, and F. Barker, Sm-Nd age and isotopic systematics of the bimodal suite, ancient gneiss complex, Swaziland, Nature 305 (no. 5936),701-704, 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/305701a0
Carlson, R. W., Analysis of lunar samples: implications for planet formation and evolution, Science 365, 240-243, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw7580
Cleeves. L. I., E. A. Bergin, C. M. O’D. Alexander, F. J. Du, D. Graninger, K. I. Oberg, and T. J. Harries. The ancient heritage of water ice in the solar system, Science 345 (no. 6204), 1590-1593, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1258055
Cuzzi, J. N., and C. M. O. Alexander, Chondrule formation in particle-rich nebular regions at least hundreds of kilometres across, Nature 441 (no. 7092), 483-485, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04834
Eiler, J. M., K. A. Farley, J. W. Valley, E. M. Stolper, E. H. Hauri, and H. Craig, Oxygen-isotope evidence against recycled sediment in the mantle sources of Pitcairn Island lavas, Nature 377 (no. 6545), 138-141, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377138a0
Ellam, R. M., R. W. Carlson, and S. B. Shirey, Evidence from Re-Os isotopes for plume lithosphere mixing in Karoo flood-basalt genesis, Nature 359 (no. 6397),718-721, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/359718a0
Hauri, E. H., Major-element variability in the Hawaiian mantle plume, Nature 382 (no. 6590), 415-419, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382415a0
Hauri, E. H., T. Weinreich, A. E. Saal, M. C. Rutherford, and J. A. Van Orman, High pre-eruptive water contents preserved in lunar melt Inclusions, Science 333 (no. 6039), 213-215, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204626
Head, J. W., C. R. Chapman, R. G. Strom, C. I. Fassett, B. W. Denevi, D. T. Blewett, C. M. Ernst, T. R. Watters, S. C. Solomon, S. L. Murchie, L. M. Prockter, N. L. Chabot, J. J. Gillis-Davis, J. L. Whitten, T. A. Goudge, D. M. H. Baker, D. M. Hurwitz, L. R. Ostrach, Z. Y. Xiao, W. J. Merline, L. Kerber, J. L. Dickson, J. Oberst, P. K. Byrne, C. Klimczak, and L. R. Nittler, Flood volcanism in the northern high latitudes of Mercury revealed by MESSENGER, Science 333 (no. 6051),1853-1856, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211997
Herd, C. D. K., A. Blinova, D. N. Simkus, Y. S. Huang, R. Tarozo, C. M. O. Alexander, F. Gyngard, L. R. Nittler, G. D. Cody, M. L. Fogel, Y. Kebukawa, A. L. D. Kilcoyne, R. W. Hilts, G. F. Slater, D. P. Glavin, J. P. Dworkin, M. P. Callahan, J. E. Elsila, B. T. De Gregorio, and R. M. Stroud, Origin and evolution of prebiotic organic matter as inferred from the Tagish Lake meteorite, Science 332 (no. 6035),1304-1307, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1203290
Jackson, M. G., and R. W. Carlson, An ancient recipe for flood-basalt genesis, Nature 476 (no. 7360), 316-U77, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10326
Jackson, M. G., R. W. Carlson, M. D. Kurz, P. D. Kempton, D. Francis, and J. Blusztajn, Evidence for the survival of the oldest terrestrial mantle reservoir, Nature 466 (no. 7308), 853-U84, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09287
Keller, L. P., S. Bajt, G. A. Baratta, J. Borg, J. P. Bradley, D. E. Brownlee, H. Busemann, J. R. Brucato, M. Burchell, L. Colangeli, L. d'Hendecourt, Z. Djouadi, G. Ferrini, G. Flynn, I. A. Franchi, M. Fries, M. M. Grady, G. A. Graham, F. Grossemy, A. Kearsley, G. Matrajt, K. Nakamura-Messenger, V. Mennella, L. Nittler, M. E. Palumbo, F. J. Stadermann, P. Tsou, A. Rotundi, S. A. Sandford, C. Snead, A. Steele, D. Wooden, and M. Zolensky, Infrared spectroscopy of comet 81P/Wild 2 samples returned by Stardust, Science 314 (no. 5806), 1728-1731, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1135796
Koch, P. L., J. Heisinger, C. Moss, R. W. Carlson, M. L. Fogel, and A. K. Behrensmeyer, Isotopic tracking of change in diet and habitat use in African elephants, Science 267 (no. 5202), 1340-1343, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5202.1340
Koeberl, C., and S. B. Shirey, Detection of a meteoritic component in Ivory Coast tektites with rhenium-osmium isotopes, Science 261 (no. 5121), 595-598, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5121.595
Krot, A. N., A. Meibom, S. S. Russell, C. M. O. Alexander, T. E. Jeffries, and K. Keil, A new astrophysical setting for chondrule formation, Science 291 (no. 5509),1776-1779, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5509.1776
Lambert, D. D., J. W. Morgan, R. J. Walker, S. B. Shirey, R. W. Carlson, M. L. Zientek, and M. S. Koski, Rhenium-osmium and samarium-neodymium isotopic systematics of the Stillwater Complex, Science 244 (no. 4909), 1169-1174, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.244.4909.1169
Lawrence, D. J., W. C. Feldman, J. O. Goldsten, S. Maurice, P. N. Peplowski, B. J. Anderson, D. Bazell, R. L. McNutt, L. R. Nittler, T. H. Prettyman, D. J. Rodgers, S. C. Solomon, S. Z. Weider, Evidence for Water Ice Near Mercury's North Pole from MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer Measurements. Science 339, 292-296 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1229953
McKeegan, K. D., J. Aleon, J. Bradley, D. Brownlee, H. Busemann, A. Butterworth, M. Chaussidon, S. Fallon, C. Floss, J. Gilmour, M. Gounelle, G. Graham, Y. B. Guan, P. R. Heck, P. Hoppe, I. D. Hutcheon, J. Huth, H. Ishii, M. Ito, S. B. Jacobsen, A. Kearsley, L. A. Leshin, M. C. Liu, I. Lyon, K. Marhas, B. Marty, G. Matrajt, A. Meibom, S. Messenger, S. Mostefaoui, S. Mukhopadhyay, K. Nakamura-Messenger, L. Nittler, R. Palma, R. O. Pepin, D. A. Papanastassiou, F. Robert, D. Schlutter, C. J. Snead, F. J. Stadermann, R. Stroud, P. Tsou, A. Westphal, E. D. Young, K. Ziegler, L. Zimmermann, and E. Zinner, Isotopic compositions of cometary matter returned by Stardust, Science 314 (no. 5806),1724-1728, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1135992
Morris, J. D., W. P. Leeman, and F. Tera, The subducted component in island arc lavas: constraints from Be isotopes and B-Be systematics, Nature 344, 31-36, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1038/344031a0
Nittler, L. R., C. M. O. Alexander, J. Wang, and X. Gao, Meteoritic oxide grain from supernova found, Nature 393 (no. 6682), 222-222, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/30377
Nittler, L. R., R. D. Starr, S. Z. Weider, T. J. McCoy, W. V. Boynton, D. S. Ebel, C. M. Ernst, L. G. Evans, J. O. Goldsten, D. K. Hamara, D. J. Lawrence, R. L. McNutt, C. E. Schlemm, S. C. Solomon, and A. L. Sprague, The major-element composition of Mercury's surface from MESSENGER X-ray spectrometry, Science 333 (no. 6051), 1847-1850, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211567
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O'Neil, J., R. W. Carlson, D. Francis, and R. K. Stevenson, Neodymium-142 evidence for hadean mafic crust, Science 321 (no. 5897), 1828-1831, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1161925
O'Neil, J., R. W. Carlson, D. Francis, and R. K. Stevenson, Response to comment on "Neodymium-142 evidence for Hadean mafic crust", Science 325, 267b, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1169695
O’Neil, J., and R. W. Carlson. Building Archean cratons from Hadean mafic crust, Science (no. 6330), 1199-1202, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aah3823
Pearson, D. G., G. A. Snyder, S. B. Shirey, L. A. Taylor, R. W. Carlson, and N. V. Sobolev, Archean Re-Os age for Siberian eclogites and constraints on Archean tectonics, Nature 374 (no. 6524), 711-713, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374711a0
Peplowski, P. N., L. G. Evans, S. A. Hauck, T. J. McCoy, W. V. Boynton, J. J. Gillis-Davis, D. S. Ebel, J. O. Goldsten, D. K. Hamara, D. J. Lawrence, R. L. McNutt, L. R. Nittler, S. C. Solomon, E. A. Rhodes, A. L. Sprague, R. D. Starr, and K. R. Stockstill-Cahill, Radioactive elements on Mercury's surface from MESSENGER: implications for the planet's formation and evolution, Science 333 (no. 6051),1850-1852, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1211576
Peters, B. J., R. W. Carlson, J. M. D. Day, and M. F. Horan, Hadean silicate differentiation preserved by anomalous 142Nd/144Nd ratios in the Réunion hotspot source, Nature 555, 89-93, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25754
Richardson, S. H., and S. B. Shirey, Continental mantle signature of Bushveld magmas and coeval diamonds, Nature 453 (no. 7197), 910-913, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07073
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Rizo, H., R. J. Walker, R. W. Carlson, M. F. Horan, S. Mukhopadhyay, V. Manthos, D. Francis, and M. G. Jackson. Preservation of Earth-forming eents in the tungsten isotopic composition of modern flood basalts, Science 352 (no. 6287), 809-812, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8563
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Saal, A. E., S. R. Hart, N. Shimizu, E. H. Hauri, and G. D. Layne, Pb isotopic variability in melt inclusions from oceanic island basalts, Polynesia, Science 282 (no. 5393), 1481-1484, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5393.1481
Saal, A. E., E. H. Hauri, C. H. Langmuir, and M. R. Perfit, Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth's upper mantle, Nature 419 (no. 6906), 451-455, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01073
Saal, A. E., E. H. Hauri, M. Lo Cascio, J. A. Van Orman, M. C. Rutherford, and R. F. Cooper, Volatile content of lunar volcanic glasses and the presence of water in the Moon's interior, Nature 454 (no. 7201), 192-U38, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07047
Saal, A.E, E. H. Hauri, J. A. Van Orman, M. J. Rutherford, Hydrogen Isotopes in Lunar Volcanic Glasses and Melt Inclusions Reveal a Carbonaceous Chondrite Heritage. Science 340, 1317-1320 (2013) http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1235142
Sarafian, E., G. A. Gaetani, E. H. Hauri.,and A. R. Sarafian. Experimental constraints on the damp peridotite solidus and oceanic mantle potential temperature, Science 355 (no. 6328), 942-944, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj2165
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Analytical facilities available to postdocs and visitors
Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS): Thermo-Fisher Triton™ Plus, IsotopX Phoenix™ (coming in late 2025)
Multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometery (MC-ICPMS): Nu Plasma II (w/ Plasma III source),
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Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS): Ametek Cameca NanoSIMS 50L
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